Monday, August 24, 2020

charles robert darwin essays

charles robert darwin papers Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882), cientã ­fico britnico que sent las bases de la moderna teorã ­a evolutiva, al plantear el concepto de que todas las formas de vida se han desarrollado a travs de un lento proceso de seleccin characteristic. Su trabajo tuvo una influencia decisiva sobre las diferentes disciplinas cientã ­ficas, y sobre el pensamiento moderno en general. Nacido en Shrewsbury, Shropshire, el 12 de febrero de 1809, Darwin fue el quinto hijo de una acomodada y sofisticada familia inglesa. Su abuelo materno fue el prspero empresario de porcelanas Josiah Wedgwood; su abuelo paterno fue el famoso mdico del siglo XVIII Erasmus Darwin. Tras terminar sus estudios en la Shrewsbury School en 1825, Darwin estudi medicina en la Universidad de Edimburgo. En 1827 relinquish la carrera e ingres en la Universidad de Cambridge con el balance de convertirse en ministro de la Iglesia de Inglaterra. Allã ­ conoci a dos influyentes personalidades: el gelogo Adam Sedgwick y el naturalista John Stevens Henslow. Este à ºltimo no slo ayud a Darwin a ganar confianza en sã ­ mismo, sino que tambin inculc a su alumno la necesidad de ser meticuloso y esmerado en la observacin de los fenmenos naturales y la recoleccin de especã ­menes. Tras graduarse en Cambridge en 1831, el joven Darwin se enlist a los 22 a de Henslow, para emprender una expedicin cientã ­fi ca alrededor del mundo. Su trabajo como naturalista a bordo del Beagle le di la oportunidad de observar variadas formaciones geolgicas en distintos continentes e islas a lo largo del viaje, asã ­ como una amplia variedad de fsiles y organismos vivos. En sus observaciones geolgicas, Darwin se mostr&oacut... <!

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Northwest Airlines

Presentation Workable business techniques are essential for effective running of any business Company. The sort of technique utilized and actualized decides the degree of progress inside the Company. Systems are generally fabricated dependent on different conditions which may incorporate; the present status of the Company, the Company’s strategies and capacity to concentrate ahead dependent on serious moves and business approaches.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Northwest Airlines explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s the board ought to have activity plan which empowers them have upper hand over other related organizations inside the business. This contextual analysis centers around the techniques Northwest Airline Company took for the reasons for expanding the Company’s piece of the overall industry and balancing out its monetary base. The impacts and ramifications of the picked methodologies are investigated d ependent on business and advertising standards (QuickMBA). Examination One of the key qualities of Northwest Airlines is its capacity to serve huge market division the country over. Being one of the household aircrafts, this has been made conceivable through its merger with other suburbanite carriers. They give simple association channels to fly administrations inside the nation by shipping travelers to their bigger partners inside bigger urban areas. Development of between carrier mergers prompted support of specialized and operational administrations through foundation of basic activity and upkeep focuses. This system empowered the carrier contend with significant aircrafts due to their up-evaluated and refreshed administrations. The other quality exists in the showcasing division whereby the aircraft has chosen to incorporate its flights and tasks. The associations between Airlink transporters and Northwest have been appeared with clearness as online as opposed to interline moves , whereby less time and lower cost on charges are included to encourage associations. The technique has position the organization in a superior upper hand subsequently telling great piece of the shopper base (QuickMBA). The prime job of NWA is helping clients in getting refreshed administrations that are sheltered and gainful to the organization. The tasks could be strengthened through establishment of present day mechanized framework inside other Airlink carriers’ frameworks, since it bolsters important working framework furnishing clients with effective client care administrations. The different client needs could be met through establishment of electronic innovation framework which gives clients assortment of decisions on the sort of administrations and items they require. This could likewise enhance the accessibility of airplane subsequently helping the organization decrease on working expenses and interline moves. The new innovation bundle, alluded to as Air+ contains ad ministrations, for example, Flight hour administrations which could help in giving considerably quicker access to planned flights. The innovation simultaneously makes it simple for clients to connection to the administrations of NWA accomplices and pick administrations which meet their private concern targets (QuickMBA).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management wrangles among people among NWA and other Airlink transporters inside the organization influences the fundamental changes inside general activity components. Various segments inside the organization experience impacts of administration battles through the idea of approaches executed and the sort of initiative set up. Different subunits inside the organization including the showcasing segments consulted with forces of settling on choices have incredible impact on the overall idea of progress experienced. As per key possibility hypothesis the procedure of characteristic choice guarantees that the individuals who are generally equipped for explicit obligations inside the association appreciates most impact in dynamic procedure, thus contributing much towards effective adjustment. Misconception emerges between the staff inferable from their capabilities and experience. Regulation decides the way wherein political strategies are applied by influential people who direct force inside associations; this could be distinguished in the path through which NWA keeps pointing blaming fingers towards their partners if there should be an occurrence of any issue owing prevalence complex. The systems applied by NWA in moving travelers and baggage between bearers appear to take longer than expected. This might be ascribed to bungle between the doors of various bearers which prompts utilization of much time while making moves. Then again little has been accomplished for the motivations behind conveying magnificent administrations online notwithstanding steady vows to buyers. This outcomes into bunches of troubles with regards to associating travelers with their baggage. The other feeble point is air terminal administrations offered via Airlink accomplices which are not generally modern contrasted with NWA administration measures. The new innovation embraced NWA has not honey bee applied by its accomplices making challenges with respect to methodology and data stream concurred to clients. There is poor coordination among the representatives of the particular accomplices inside the merger. This could be described by the nearness of substantial unionized laborers working under heaps of limitations, this is in opposition to other worker lines which are expanded by unpracticed non-unionized representatives acquiring less pay rates. This has prompted nearness of contentions and habitual pettiness with prevalence agreed over NWA, pointing fingers at the lesser workers for most mix-ups. T here is disarray inside the administration board concerning better methods of the board; this could be credited to poor correspondence channels among workers and furthermore between individual carriers inside the merger. Northwest Airline offers higher work cost charges than its partners inside the business, this has made extension forms troublesome since the organization doesn't be able to buy other littler aircrafts inside the merger.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Northwest Airlines explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other issue incorporates dangers ascending from upkeep and voyaging costs inside the business. There is likewise the issue of how to grow new culture inside the business that could oblige each performing division from other Airlink transporters. There’s likewise danger from other ground-breaking airplane manufacturers imagining incredible structure machines driven by over the top expensive modernized innovation (Quick MBA). Proposals North West Airline should plan to use site to enhance their administrations. They should assemble online administrations for simple direction to clients on tips and thoughts through which they could work without voyaging significant distances. This would enhance their e-ticket deals to clients which will at last offer clients less expensive methods since they won't have to go significant distances to get air tickets or reserve inn spot. Low estimated administrations would assist them with countering the flood of different contenders who despite everything esteem high valuing of administrations inside the market. The low costs would help pulling in many clients particularly during troublesome money related occasions. So as to improve its presentation, NWA ought to try to set up great brand name perceived inside the worldwide market, this aides in keeping up more grounded development required inferable from solid market personality among customers. Making of solid bran d name ought to be used through the low passages charged by the organization. Representatives inside other Airlink don't normally appreciate work and this call for close oversight for ideal work to be finished. Accordingly, supervisors at different limits ought to create process breakdown that involves various assignments performed. Different representatives ought to be prepared through fitting preparing strategies and types of gear that empower them to play out their obligations successfully, this activity ought to be taken by the corporate organization for the motivations behind elevating working norms of different representatives from other little transporters. Installment ought to be made dependent fair and square of execution and time taken to finish an errand. This could be utilized as methods for spurring laborers towards expansion of on their latent capacity prompting high profitability at lower costs (QuickMBA).Advertising Searching for paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The organization ought to consider depending on cutting back whereby administration ought to be brought together and simultaneously the vast majority of the duties concurred to representatives decreased. The system centers around introducing edified initiative while staying with the at its serious level. Such a move has incredible effect on the human asset the executives since it helps in lessening pressure experienced on expenses and edges. The flying business is one of the ventures with very high beginning up costs which ensures low pace of new contestants. NWA Company ought to simultaneously expressly use their mechanical expertise and the encounters of staff individuals. The organization has essentially put together their deals with respect to stable brand name dependent on practical innovation which has made it hard for the new contestants to infiltrate the business. So as to maintain a strategic distance from wrangles among representatives, NWA and partner carriers should conce ntrate on preparing and rousing staff laborers for the reasons for working more brilliant. This requires upgrade of the present administration framework supplanting it with new and learned staff. The way toward introducing work station inside the manager’s office was planned for enhancing the timeliness level of the flights. The organization ought to at a similar t

Friday, July 24, 2020

Learned Helplessness - What It Is and Why It Happens

Learned Helplessness - What It Is and Why It Happens Theories Behavioral Psychology Print What Is Learned Helplessness and Why Does it Happen? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 19, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 08, 2020 Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview History Adults Children Mental Health Conditions Overcoming View All Back To Top When bad things happen, we like to believe that we would do whatever necessary to change the situation. Research on what is known as learned helplessness has shown that when people feel like they have no control over what happens, they tend to simply give up and accept their fate. What Is Learned Helplessness? Learned helplessness occurs when an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape. Eventually, the animal will stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation. Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will prevent any action. While the concept is strongly tied to animal psychology and behavior, it can also apply to many situations involving human beings. When people feel that they have no control over their situation, they may begin to behave in a helpless manner. This inaction can lead people to overlook opportunities for relief or change. The Discovery of Learned Helplessness The concept of learned helplessness was discovered accidentally by psychologists  Martin Seligman  and Steven F. Maier. They had initially observed helpless behavior in dogs that were classically conditioned to expect an electrical shock after hearing a tone. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttlebox that contained two chambers separated by a low barrier. The floor was electrified on one side, and not on the other. The dogs previously subjected to the  classical conditioning  made no attempts to escape, even though avoiding the shock simply involved jumping over a small barrier. To investigate this phenomenon, the researchers then devised another experiment. In group one, the dogs were strapped into harnesses for a period of time and then released.The dogs in the second group were placed in the same harnesses but were subjected to electrical shocks that could be avoided by pressing a panel with their noses.The third group received the same shocks as those in group two, except that those in this group were not able to control the shock. For those dogs in the third group, the shocks seemed to be completely random and outside of their control. The dogs were then placed in a shuttlebox. Dogs from the first and second group quickly learned that jumping the barrier eliminated the shock. Those from the third group, however, made no attempts to get away from the shocks. Due to their previous experience, they had developed a cognitive expectation that nothing they did would prevent or eliminate the shocks. Learned Helplessness in People The impact of learned helplessness has been demonstrated in different animal species, but its effects can also be seen in people. Consider one often-used example: A child who performs poorly on math tests and assignments will quickly begin to feel that  nothing  he does will have any effect on his math performance. When later faced with any type of math-related task, he may experience a sense of helplessness. Learned helplessness has also been associated with several different psychological disorders. Depression, anxiety,  phobias, shyness, and  loneliness  can all be exacerbated by learned helplessness. For example, a woman who feels shy in social situations may eventually begin to feel that there is nothing she can do to overcome her symptoms. This sense that her symptoms are out of her direct control may lead her to stop trying to engage herself in social situations, thus making her shyness even more pronounced. Researchers have found, however, that learned helplessness does not always generalize across all settings and situations. A student who experiences learned helpless with regards to math class will not necessarily experience that same helplessness when faced with performing calculations in the real world. In other cases, people may experience learned helplessness that generalizes across a wide variety of situations. The Role of Explanatory Styles So what explains why some people develop learned helplessness and others do not? Why is it specific to some situations but more global in others? Many researchers believe that attribution or explanatory styles play a role in determining how people are impacted by learned helplessness. This view suggests that an individuals characteristic style of explaining events helps determine whether or not they will develop learned helplessness. A pessimistic explanatory style is associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing learned helplessness. People with this explanatory style tend to view negative events as being inescapable and unavoidable and tend to take personal responsibility for such negative events. Learned Helplessness in Children Learned helpless often originates in childhood, and unreliable or unresponsive caregivers can contribute to these feelings. This learned helplessness can begin very early in life. Children raised in institutionalized settings, for example, often exhibit symptoms of helplessness even during infancy. When children need help but no one comes to their aid, they may be left feeling that nothing they do will change their situation. Repeated experiences that bolster these feelings of helplessness and hopelessness can result in growing into adulthood ultimately feeling that there is nothing one can do to change his or her problems. Some common symptoms of learned helplessness in children include: Low self-esteemPassivityPoor motivationGiving upLack of effortFrustrationProcrastinationFailure to ask for help Learned helplessness can also result in anxiety, depression, or both. When kids feel that theyve had no control over the past events of their lives, they gain the expectation that future events will be just as uncontrollable. Because they believe that nothing they do will ever change the outcome of an event, kids are often left thinking that they should not even bother trying. Academic struggles can often lead to feelings of learned helplessness. A child who makes an effort to do well but still does poorly may end up feeling that he has no control over his grades or performance. Since nothing he does seems to make any difference, he will stop trying and his grades will suffer even more. Such problems can also affect other areas of the childs life. His poor performance in school can make him feel that nothing he does is right or useful, so he may lose the motivation to try in other areas of his life as well. Learned Helplessness in Mental Health Learned helplessness is thought to contribute to feelings of anxiety and may influence the onset, severity, and persistence of conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). When you experience chronic anxiety, you may eventually give up on finding relief because your anxious feelings seem unavoidable and untreatable. Because of this, people who are experiencing mental health issues such as anxiety or depression may refuse medications or therapy that may help relieve their symptoms. As people age, learned helplessness can become something of a vicious cycle. When encountering problems such as anxiety or depression, people may feel that nothing can be done to ease these feelings. People then fail to seek out options that may help which then contributes to greater feelings of helplessness and anxiety. Overcoming Learned Helplessness So what can people do to overcome learned helplessness?  Research suggests that learned helplessness can be successfully decreased, particularly if intervention occurs during early onset. Long-term learned helplessness can also be reduced, although it may require longer-term effort. Therapy can be effective in reducing symptoms of learned helplessness. In one study, for example, some participants were asked to try to complete an unsolvable task. Those who received a therapeutic intervention after failing at the task were more likely to try again and successfully complete a follow-up task. Those who did not receive an intervention were more likely to experience learned helplessness and give up. So what can people do to overcome learned helplessness? Cognitive-behavioral therapy  is form of psychotherapy that can be beneficial in overcoming the thinking and behavioral patterns that contribute to learned helplessness. The goal of CBT is to help patients identify negative thought patterns that contribute to feelings of learned helplessness and then replace these thoughts with more optimistic and rational thoughts. This process often involves carefully analyzing what you are thinking, actively challenging these ideas, and disputing negative thought patterns. A Word From Verywell Learned helplessness can have a profound impact on mental health and well-being. People who experience learned helplessness are also likely to experience symptoms of  depression, elevated stress levels, and less  motivation  to take care of their physical health. Not everyone responds to experiences the same way. Some people are more likely to experience learned helplessness in the face of uncontrollable events, often due to biological and psychological factors. Children raised by helpless parents, for example, are also more likely to experience learned helplessness. If you feel that learned helplessness might be having a negative impact on your life and health, consider talking to your doctor about steps you can take to address this type of thinking. Further evaluation can lead to an accurate diagnosis and treatment that can help you replace your negative thought patterns with more positive ones. Such treatment may allow you to replace feelings of learned helplessness with a sense of learned optimism instead.

Friday, May 22, 2020

White privilege and the inequality today in South Africa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1957 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: White Privilege Essay Did you like this example? Introduction This research paper, will be based on the concept of white privilege in mainly the educational sector and investigate whether it truly is the cause of much of the inequality and social issues faced in South Africa such as black poverty and high black unemployment . Secondary and primary material will be gathered from the web and physical books in the form of articles, documentary as well as eBooks (electronic books) which are relevant to the topic of white privilege and its effects on the quality of education for individuals in South Africa. Trying to explain it and its causes. These will be summarized in the form of literature reviews that will be used to add more substance, and validity not to mention weight to the argument that will take form of an essay following after the literature reviews. As the research of the topic develops potent questions will emerge and branch off and will have to be discussed to aid in substantiating the deduction of this paper. Questions like, Can black poverty to a certain extent be blamed on white privilege? or, does white privilege affect black males or black females more?, but at the same time not falling into the trap of telling a single story from one perspective as Chimamanda Adichie a well-known Nigerian author would put it. As there is a great danger of a single story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "White privilege and the inequality today in South Africa" essay for you Create order This research paper will further explore who has the power to deal with privilege. As some would argue its the government while others would debate its a case where we need white people to realise they possess immense power which they either need to give up or share, instead of using to further personal gain. As there have been instances where white privilege was shared by its white recipient with those who are not afforded the same opportunities as them. As well as instances where a recipient of white privilege acknowledges they are a beneficiary and then try to minimize the effects of the privilege on their life so that they can be in a fair race with others. This paper seeks to explore why either of these have not become a common practice by all white people in South Africa. One doesnt have to search for long or hard to see the effects of this privilege. It can be observed on almost every street corner one can easily spot a black beggar being passed by white commuters who dont eve n look at them twice but as soon as they come across a rare site of a white beggar they are quick to offer them aid, from the element of preference as white is viewed as better. Arguments where the points are raised about whether the use and abuse of privilege by white people has basically shaped the unequal and unethical communities we live in today. In which the most of the black youth are unable to further their studies due to the fact that they come from financially struggling homes. Or how when others from neighboring provinces do make it they are forced to sleep in toilets and lecture rooms as they do not have a place to stay since they cannot afford accommodation. While at the same time their white counterparts do not experience such or even think such is possible due to white privilege shielding them from such. The paper will furthermore seek to prove that people are being deprived of needed opportunities, which would assist in them bettering communities while minimizing if not eradicate the effects of poverty and other social issues such as unemployment or lack of education experience within their communities. But the paper also seeks to address the issue of people needing to understand that white privilege is inherited by these current generations and not created by them so it firstly makes sense that most of them feel they have worked as hard as the next guy of colour to accomplish everything they have. As it also makes sense they are unaware of the fact that they are beneficiaries of white privilege as they have been exposed to it sense birth and that it made it less challenging for them to accomplish everything they have. Secondly that the anger expressed to them by black people is because they are privileged and do not seem to want to acknowledged they are. The tension between the two races further escalates with racism and white superiority coming in to play while they seem to deny the existence of white privilege. In situations where white people seem to think its acceptable to undermine and disrespect black people whether old or young because of the fact they are inferior, poverty stricken and less intelligent than them. A perfect example of this would be Penny Sparrow and her all too familiar comments on Facebook that describe black beachgoers as monkeys, in an apparent reaction to litter left behind after New Years celebrations, even more so basically stating they are uneducated and that are a source of discomfort to others(white people). Or how white people are quick to jump to the aid of a white beggar at a street corner rather than a black one. Such leading to the conclusion that white people only love and value their own hence to the example of the beggar stated above or Penny Sparrows remarks. The same way a white tragedy gets more attention compared than a black tragedy. Which makes it clear that being white carries power because of the past practices and beliefs of Eugenics throughout the world and Apartheid in South Africa. The main issue to be dealt with in this task is how its believed white privilege has become a transparent power that assists white individuals accomplish more in their lives while also shielding them from difficulties, compared to their colored counterparts. Review of literature (Summary of evidence) Source A https://www.plagiarizechecker.com/ The article is written in response to a video that displays where white privilege is in South Africa, as it exposes a white man for assaulting a traffic police officer. The video depicts how the black body is rendered imaginary and the invulnerability of white privilege. The disgraceful appearance of a police officer, a representative of state power, having to get his cap off the ground is a standardized daily occurrence of a black individual. The article goes on to talk about white privilege being an unescapable control with a strong hold on the countrys institutions, mines, farms and courts in this. At the same time it also seems that the government doesnt want to change the conditions of black people or of society. The writer feels that the only explanation that can be given for the officer not retaliating is that he could not bring himself to it because he has accepted it. Just like other black people, that they are utterly defenseless. He has allowed himself to deliberately have a sense of inferiority when in contact with white privilege. The writer goes on to express his views that the worst kind of violence used on a black individual is structural violence, and that the government does nothing to dismantle apartheids legacy on society. In the writers view a solution cannot be found in mass created anger, which mainly gets fueled by political parties that benefit off every racist attack that gets reported by the media. Relationships between political parties and black people need to be reevaluated so that they may realize that the government even after the introduction of democracy has done nothing to change their conditions. REFERENCE: Mapheto, T. (2018). The position of white privilege. [online] News24. Available at: https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Guest/the-position-of-white-privilege-20170210 [Accessed 27 May 2018]. Source B https://www.plagiarizechecker.com/ The article is written by a white South African, called Lisa and shes been asking herself questions about white privilege. Shes goes on to explain that people are customary with the term, but fail to understand the notion behind it. She goes on to acknowledge that shes a beneficiary of white privilege. She states shes had to work hard for everything, but goes on to admit that based on her race shes been afforded opportunities that were not available to nonwhites but that does not mean anything was handed to her. But white privilege has made it easier for her to reach her goals and achievements. In her opinion black people are unhappy with white people because they are depicted as being unable of admitting to be recipients of privilege. Lisa also feels whites need to admit many of them are results of white privilege as that would help in the process of reconciliation, since blacks hold hate towards complete strangers because of their race. Lisa goes on to state that whites must be aware of white privilege and understand while admitting they are beneficiaries. As well as black people need to know white people did not seek privilege, it was inherited. That circumstance created beneficiaries of this privilege. An advantage is given to a white person because of white privilege but all that is being asking is that people understand that. As a white person admitting being a beneficiary of white privilege simply means one is being mindful that because of their skin colour they have been afforded with opportunities. Lisa furthermore explains that acknowledging white privilege is all about being honest and open about the fact that for decades because of having white skin, white people received certain advantages provided to others because of their races. REFERENCE: Hold, L. (2018). I am a beneficiary of white privilege. [online] News24. Available at: https://www.news24.com/MyNews24/i-am-a-beneficiary-of-white-privilege-20171012 [Accessed 27 May 2018]. Source C https://www.plagiarizechecker.com/ The article is written by a white individual Lisa, who witnesses the aggression of racism and white privilege in a Woolworths store in the north of Gauteng. While looking for a meal, she heard a white female raising her voice, speaking in a loud and patronizing voice to the woman working behind the patisserie counter. The worker attempted to mumble a quiet explanation. Lisa then explains how she wanted to help, because she knows the work has to begin within the white community to challenge itself and its own racist elements. She went on to explain as much as the woman was a stranger her tantrum wasnt, because shes also thrown it herself in the past, and the woman working behind the counter is no stranger , and every person in any services position who has to deal with white people and their tantrums. She explains after they left the store she tried to confront her, but her reaction was atrocious. Lisa furthermore explains how she was left there, soon got into her car and drove home, hands shaking and shocked. It took a few hours of crying before deep anger rose and she thought to herself that all this time all she assumed people needed to understand white privilege. But she was wrong especially after the incident she witnessed, the level of violence and hatred said towards her by a complete stranger for confronting her lack of respect showed her as a white person how far behind whites are as a community. She realized how white privilege has deeply engrained and debased white people. And in her opinion that its time white people act, on a daily we witness these incidences occurring. White privilege has dehumanized white people so much that they need to regain their basic ethics and morals and pass then onto the following generations. REFERENCE: Golden, L. (2018). If you are a white South African, please read this The Daily Vox. [online] The Daily Vox. Available at: https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/a-letter-to-white-south-africans/ [Accessed 27 May 2018].

Thursday, May 7, 2020

God, Religion and Plato - 1293 Words

Plato brings up a lot of points in his discussions about the philosophy of God and of religion. Many of these points seem to foreshadow what the Christian faith teaches, ideas such as the highest forms, the cultivating a life for the afterlife, and the immortality of the soul, and the idea of just and unjust med and their rewards. Though some of these ideas need to be changed a bit to fit in with each other, the main idea behind their thoughts seem to be parallel. In the following paragraphs I will expand more on how the relationship between Plato’s philosophy of God and religion can be seen in the Christian faith. The first main point of Plato’s philosophy that foreshadows Christianity is the idea of the forms. Plato holds the idea that there are forms, which are the perfection of certain aspects, such as beauty, truth, goodness, etc. Plato says that these forms are the highest things, they are the really real, and that things on earth only participate in the forms. He also describes the forms as separate, simple, and eternal. These forms do not mix, like beauty and goodness are completely separate forms. They are simple in that they can’t be broken down; they just are beauty or goodness. Finally they are eternal meaning that the forms don’t die out like the things on earth, they have no physical body and therefor cannot die. Plato says that things on earth can participate in the forms in the sense that they reflect that form. If we take a flower for example, PlatoShow MoreRelatedPlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro† and â€Å"The Apology† which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problem. The problem lies in thatRead MoreWhat did it mean for a man in Ancient Greece to lead a good life, according to Platos’s four dialogs in the Trial and Death of Socrates?1010 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greece, leading a good life is rather more complex than it is in today’s society. It is evidenced in Plato’s four dialogs in The Trial and Death of Socrates. Through the dialogues of Socrates we can learn that in Ancient Greece education, religion, society in general, law and values played a major role on a person’s way of living a good life. In the dialogues of The Trial and Death of Socrates, society condemned those such as Socrates for changing or questioning their way of life. A personRead MoreThe Influence of Platos Theories on Chrisianity1169 Words   |  5 Pagesworship of these deities was the mainstream of religion during the Helleni stic period until the rise of the great philosophers. Amongst these philosophers, Plato emerged as one of the founding fathers of Western philosophy. Living from roughly 428 BCE until 348 BCE, Plato’s theories predated Christianity by at least four centuries. Because of this, it can be assumed that early Christian worshippers used Plato’s teachings as a basis for their religion. It is evident that there is a surprising amountRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s The Euthyphro 1723 Words   |  7 Pagesof the greatest reflective thinkers of all time, Plato was the innovator of many written philosophical dialogues. Accompanied by his teacher, Socrates and his most notorious disciple, Aristotle, Plato set the groundworks of Western philosophy and science amid dialogues such as Apology, Euthyphro, Republic and Laws. These dialogues provided some of the earliest handlings of political inquiries from a philosophical viewpoint. In the Euthyphro, Plato composes a dialogue that transpires in 399 BC, weeksRead MoreThe Incompleteness of Pl atos Euthyphro Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagespiety is induced by the non-existence of the Gods, which they declare Socrates implied through out his life. Hence arises the purpose of this interpretation: to demonstrate, by shifting emphasis to the development of the dialogue, that its failure to define piety originates from the mistaken presupposition that doctrines -- systematic explications of religious beliefs -- existed within the ritual religions of the ancient Greeks. Since these religions did not contain doctrines, the presuppositionRead MoreEuthyphro Dialogue Essay examples1485 Words   |  6 PagesIn the dialogue Euthyphro (Cahn and Markie), Plato presents an argument against the divine command meta-ethical theory. While the argument is presented against the predominantly pantheistic Greek religions, the argument can be easily applied to the monotheistic Abrahamic religions. The dialogue starts off with the two main characters: Euthyphro and Socrates. Socrates has been indicted for corrupting the youth of Athens and Euthyphro is indicting his father for murdering a day-labourer who killedRead MorePlato s Redefinition Of Piety Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesremove assumptions and preconceived ideas of what religion and piety are about. James Schall, in his essay â€Å"What is Piety?† makes useful note of this sometimes overlooked, but obvious fact: Plato does not have revelation; that is, he does not have available an explanation of the inner life of the Godhead that is itself Trinity. Nor does he have a doctrine of Incarnation, wherein God is also revealed as a specific human being, God and man, one God, but two natures. Nor does he have such a thing asRead MoreSocrates, Plato, and Aristotle884 Words   |  4 PagesFarina Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, three men considered to be the quintessential basis of ancient Greek philosophy. Not only were they responsible for Greek enlightenment, but also foreshadowed the coming of Christ in there speculations. Plato, the protà ©gà © of Socrates, became the first to document the philosophy of his teacher, which in turn is passed down to Aristotle. This process of mentoring aided ancient man in the intellectual evolution of politics and religion, known as the linearRead MoreChristianity, Buddhism, And Confucianism872 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are many different thoughts and explanations about how to live, there is some common ground between them. Throughout the year 600 B.C.E. to the year 600 C.E. the ideas of religion such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism and philosophy like those of Plato, Laozi, and Socrates. From 600 B.C.E. to 600 B.C. religions began to impact the traditions and attitudes in Europe and Asia resulting in multiple differe nt, but yet similar approaches to the same goal of living morally and truthfullyRead MoreThe Dilemma Of The Euthyphro Dilemma952 Words   |  4 Pagesreaders many good points to understand relativism about morality and connect with religion. Also, this is these dialogues between Euthyphro and Socrates, and it find out in the Plato’s dialogue. In the Euthyphro, Socrates asks whether a thing is pious (or good or right) because it is loved by the Gods (or, in its secular form, ‘loved by someone’), or is a thing loved by the Gods (or someone) because it is pious (or good) (Plato, 1981, 10a); it can be considered one of the questions and the most luminous

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Brain Blast! Factors Affecting Retention Free Essays

string(70) " permits a smooth integration of information processing in the brain\." Brain Blast! Factors Affecting Retention BY hypoactive Chapter I Statement of the problem: The different factors affecting retention of fourth year students of Vulcan Ecumenical School Three Specific Questions: Why do some people have a better memory than others? ; How do we remember? ; and Why do we forget? Significance of the Study: To widen the knowledge of the readers about retention; Alms to show different ways on how one can have a better retention; This study Is to benefit students especially those from Vulcan Ecumenical School Scope and Limitation This study mainly focuses on the senior students of Vulcan Ecumenical School. The articles gathered here are a combination of local and foreign literature. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Presented In this chapter Is a synthesis of facts that support the topic the researchers would want to prove. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain Blast! Factors Affecting Retention or any similar topic only for you Order Now Included in the chapter is the definition of memory, parts of the brain that are in charge on remembering and forgetting, connectivity of the brain, a deeper understanding on autobiographical and semantic memory, long term and short term memory, how and why people remember and forget, the reason why some people have a better memory than others and some methods on how one can Improve his/her memory. Local Literature According to Alfonse M. Albany of Philippine star, the human brain weighing roughly one-and-a-half kilos, with a volume more or less half that of a medium-sized coconut, with its about 100 billion neurons, each with some 10,000 interconnections, is probably the most complex structure that we know. Yet, that structural complexity hardly begins to hint at the incredible variety and the enormity of its functions. Surely, this is a case of a whole that is vastly greater than the sum of its parts. Albany said that the brain is the seat of our consciousness and of our emotions, the repository of our memories. It synthesizes and analyses our sensory inputs, decides what behavioral responses are appropriate or necessary to promote our continued survival. And when parts of it fail to perform properly, we are burdened with depression, or schizophrenia, or Alchemist’s diseases, or other such debilitating disorders. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates put it well: â€Å"Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come Joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, grieves, despondency, and lamentations. No wonder the brain has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny’s for a very long time. A currently active area of study concerns the â€Å"connectivity† of the brain. Physiologists distinguish â€Å"structural† or â€Å"anatomical† connectivity from â€Å"functional† connectivity and both from â€Å"effective† connectivity. The first merely means the physical connections between groups of neurons 1 . The second refers to correlated behaviors of different brain regions. The last involves the transfer of information from one region to another, possibly affecting the behavior of the latter ? a causal connection 2. Our Marvelous Brains On one of the articles of Koruna Sanchez she wrote that because of the amount of information that the human brain receives everyday, a sort of built-in filter kicks in to only allow those that seem important. Otherwise the brain would literally heat up and burn out faster than we would want it to. A good example was when a portrait of the famous Mona Lisa was shown to several persons, they all failed to notice a OF in the background, which of course is not in the original painting. Because we know, or supposed to know what the Mona Lisa looks like, we don’t look at other details anymore. Misdirection’s is another way to distract the brain. So many examples of seduction were shown, which is the bread and butter of a good magician or illusionist, and yes, even con artists and criminals. Your brain is made to focus on something while ignoring everything else. Watching a basketball being passed several times among players while totally ignoring a gorilla that walks among them. And this is what criminals like pickpockets master. That little bump on the shoulder is enough to distract you while they go after your wallet or purse. Or using beautiful women to get the attention of gullible men. You know the rest. Foreign Literature 1. Definition of memory According to lucid research. Mom, the human memory is a complex activity of the brain that allows us to store information and retrieve it again when we need it. There are two discrete memory systems: A system that keeps a record of our personal life experiences is usually called Autobiographical memory. A system that holds the knowledge about the world is called Semantic memory. It is possible for one system to work better than the other because these two work in somewhat different ways. For example, a student might have a good autobiographical memory and recall in detail everything about an event, but a poor semantic memory o failing to remember things that need to be learned in school. Both memory systems can store information from all our senses – vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch – but in semantic memory visual and auditory-verbal modes of information usually predominate, unless another mode was particularly important. For example, a perfume maker would have a very well-developed semantic memory for doors. 2. Get to know your Brain Parts of the brain that is in charge of remembering and forgetting: The Cortex As said by Dry. Paul Nassau, the Cortex 5 is the outer covering of the brain. It is a word that translates to mean â€Å"bark of a tree†. This is one part of the brain that is responsible for your most complicated thinking abilities. Your memory, language, personality, intentional motor skills, spatial ability and visual perception are all controlled by the Cortex. The Medial Section of the Brain This part tends to be older and more primitive. These are responsible for controlling drives, impulses, fears, instincts, emotions, reflexes, subconscious processes and automatic behaviors. Supporter The â€Å"Subcultures† are the deeper brain structures. This permits a smooth integration of information processing in the brain. You read "Brain Blast! Factors Affecting Retention" in category "Papers" 3. Short-term Memory According to Keener Cherry, Short-term memory is also known as primary or active memory. It is the information that comes from giving attention to sensory memories. Duration of short-term Memory: Most of the information stored in this memory usually last for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this situation allows it to continue on the next stage – Long-term memory. The Capacity of Short-term Memory: â€Å"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two†, expert psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items. More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks of information in short-term memory. . Long-term Memory According to Keener Cherry, Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. The information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of the information is easy to recall, while others are more difficult to access. Duration of Long-term Memory: Long-term memories can last for a matter of days to as long as many decades. Types of Long-Term Memory Long-term memory is usually divided into two types – declaratively (explicit) memory ND procedural (implicit) memory. Declarative includes all of the memories that are available in consciousness. Declarative memory can be further divided into episodic memory (specific events) and semantic memory (knowledge about the world). Procedural memory involves memories of body movement and how to use objects in the environment. How to drive a car or use a computer are examples of procedural memories. 5. A deeper understanding about Autobiographical and Semantic Memory According to human-memory. Net, Autobiographical or Episodic memory is a memory system consisting of experiences recollected from an individual’s life. Individuals can see themselves as actors in these events, and the emotional charge and the entire situation surrounded by the event is usually part of the memory. On the other hand, Semantic memory is a more structured record of facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge about the external world that we have attained. As stated by Luke Mastic, semantic memory is generally derived from the episodic memory, in that we learn new facts or concepts from our experiences, and the episodic memory is considered to support and underpin semantic memory. 6. Why do we forget? Lucid research. M says that the human memory is a system which is intended to remember information as well as forget information. Generally, we only retain the information we need for as long as we need it, and then it is forgotten. The human brain is constantly bombarded with huge amount of knowledge, and even though the information storage capacity of the human brain is very large, if we store every single item of information that ever reached our senses from the moment we were born, our memory would totally be overloaded before we started school. The fact is: we simply do not need to retain most of the information we receive each day. We only need to preserve some of that information and can safely forget the rest. The trick is to make sure that the information we do need is stored properly in memory ready for memory for a short time provided we strive to keep it there (e. G. By thinking about it or by rehearsing it to ourselves). This process is called short-term memory or at times working memory because we use this when working on any activity, such as listening to a conversation. But unless we also make an active effort to store that information in long-term memory in a semantic form, it will be forgotten very rapidly. Once in long-term memory, information is reasonably permanent. However, if we don’t use that information we are likely to find a difficult to access when we need it, and the information is not stored very efficiently, it will also be difficult to access. When we say we have forgotten some item of information what we really mean is either: (a) the information was never properly store in long-term memory in the first place, or (b) the information has been stored in long-term memory but we can’t find it because it has been stored in an disorganized way and/or because we haven’t used that information for ages. 7. How do we remember, and why do we forget? An article by Shish Uranus said that the notion of memory is so intriguing that we’ve come up with more metaphors for it than for any other mental phenomenon. Early theories predicted a memory â€Å"Ingram†24, a literal text written by the body to describe past experiences. Freud popularized descriptions of repressed memories, experiences physically buried in the depths of the subconscious. Modern descriptions are dominated by analogies to computers, in which the human brain is a hard disk that stores experience in electronic files and folders. Our memory represents a change in who we are. Our habits, our ideologies, our hopes and fears are all influenced by what we remember in the past. At the most basic level, we remember because the connections between our brains’ neurons change; each experience primes the brain for the next experience. 8. How does the Brain process information Chris McKee said that information processing starts with input from the sensory organs, which transform physical stimuli such as touch, heat, sound waves, or photons of light into electrochemical signals. The sensory information is repeatedly transformed by the algorithms of the brain in both bottom-up and top-down processing. For example, when looking at a picture of a black box on a white background, bottom-up processing puts together very simple information such as color, orientation, and where the borders of the object are – where the color changes significantly over a short space – to decide that you are seeing a box. Top-down processing uses the decisions made at some steps of the bottom-up process to speed up your recognition of the box. Top-down processing in this example might help you identify the object as a black box rather than a box-shaped hole in the white background. Once information is processed to a degree, an attention filter decides owe important the signal is and which cognitive processes it should be made available to. For example, although your brain processes every blade of grass when you look down at your shoes, a healthy attention filter prevents you from noticing them individually. In contrast, you might pick out your name, even when spoken in a noisy room. There are many stages of processing, and the results of processing are 9. Why do some people have better memory than other people According to Joyce Ward, people vary in the efficiency of their long-term memory. Some have a good memory and some poor long-term memory. This is probably determined partly by hereditary. But research has shown that most of the difference between people with good and poor memory can be attributed to the methods they use to learn that information in the first place. By developing the appropriate memory strategies we automatically store information in a more organized and efficient way that makes it easier for us to locate when we need it. Despite individual differences in memory, research indicates that in most people memory can be improved significantly by appropriate training. His does not mean that we can enlarge the storage capacity of our memory, what it means is that we can make our Emory more efficient, so that it is more likely to absorb new information and hold that information in a way that makes it easy for us to find it again immediately when we need it. In order for the brain to process information, it must first be stored. There are multiple types of memory, including sensory, working, and long-term. First, information is encoded. There are types of encoding specific to each type of sensory stimuli. For example, verbal input can be encoded structurally, referring to what the printed word looks like, phonemically, referring to what the word sounds like, or semantically, referring to what the word means. Once information is stored, it must be maintained. Some animal studies suggest that working memory, which stores information for roughly 20 seconds, is maintained by an electrical signal looping through a particular series of neurons for a short period of time. Information in long- term memory is hypothesized to be maintained in the structure of certain types of proteins. 0. Capacity of the Human Memory According to Robert Gonzales, the comparison between the human brain and a computer is not a perfect one, but it does lend itself to some interesting lines of inquiry. The capacity of an average human head varies, depending on who you ask. Some experts estimates it in as low as 1 terabyte or approximately 1000 gigabytes. The reason behind the 100-terabyte estimate still has its fla ws. It assumes, for example, that each synapse store 1 byte of information. In reality, each one could conceivably store more or less than that. 1 1 . Improving the memory No. 1: Stay Mentally Active Just as physical activity helps keep your body in shape, mentally stimulating activities help keep your brain in shape. Do things that challenge your mind such as solving crossword puzzles and learning to play an instrument. No. 2: Socialize regularly Social interaction helps ward of depression and stress, both of which can contribute and other. No. 3: Get organized You are more likely to forget things if your home is cluttered and your notes are in not in order. No. 4: Focus Limit distractions, and don’t try to do many things at once. If you focus on the information that you’re trying to remember, you’ll be more likely to recall it later. Understanding – if we understand the information it will be easier for us to remember, and if we understand how memory works, it is easier to make it work well for us personally Practice – the more often one does an activity, the more likely he/she will member it- Memory Strategies – ways of processing information that will help a person remember well. Organization – this ensure that information is stored in a more meaningful and well-organized way which is easy for the brain to recall it. 2. Tips for enhancing your ability to learn and remember According to helped. Org, these are some ways on how one can enhance his/her ability to learn and remember. 0 Pay attention – You can’t remember something if you never learned it, and you can’t learn something?that is, encode it into your brain?if you don’t pay enough a ttention to it. It takes about eight seconds of intense focus to process a piece of information into your memory. If you’re easily distracted, pick a quiet place where you won’t be interrupted. Involve as many senses as possible. Try to relate information to colors, textures, smells, and tastes. The physical act of rewriting information can help imprint it onto your brain. Even if you’re a visual learner, read out loud what you want to remember. Relate information to what you already know. Connect new data to information you already remember, whether it’s new material that builds on previous knowledge, or something as simple as an dress of someone who lives on a street where you already know someone. For more complex material, focus on understanding basic ideas rather than memorizing isolated details. How to cite Brain Blast! Factors Affecting Retention, Papers

Monday, April 27, 2020

Is The United States Justified In Interfering In Other Countries Essa

Is the United States Justified in Interfering in Other Countries? Is the United States justified in interfering in other countries conflicts? Some people say that it is immoral by interfering with the problems in other countries. Others say since that the United States is a major superpower in the world that we should up hold peace in the world. Looking at the past, the US has been in many conflicts with other countries. An example of this was when World War begun. The United States Army reached France on June 26, 1917, and was greeted with flowers and many cries of ?Vive l' Amerique? or ? Long Live America?. Some Americans felt that they were repaying France for its help during the Revolution. Which was only their opinions. Many years after the first World War the United States entered the depression which gave the US more of an economic concern than the events overseas. A strong isolationist mood set in the country. When the European powers began to prepare and move toward war (World War II), the people of the United States felt that it was necessary to stay out of another conflict. The US later passed the Neutrality Acts which banned arms sales or loans to countries at war. War later broke out in Europe which caused many Americans to support the Allies, but few wanted to be drawn into war. The United States finally entered the was when Japan air forces bombed the US Naval Base- Pearl Harbor. The US was stunned at this sudden attack and later declared war on Japan. Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. These past events showed that the United States had mixed feelings on the idea of neutrality. During the first World War the US were some what proud to be part of war. While during the second world war the United States wanted to stay away from the fighting Europe. Now at the present the United States has used their power to control and maintain integrity of many worldly conflicts. But involvement has caused some discretion between the American citizens. On May 13, 1998 President Clinton decided to reprimand India for testing nuclear weapons.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Risk Management Plan Travel

Risk Management Plan Travel Trip Overview and Description Travel is a popular activity and involves visiting of variety of sites and participation in an assortment of activities. Due to the varied nature of terrain and risk involved with some activity it is essential to plan adequately prior to the excursion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan: Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In line with this one of the most important activities to undertake prior to departure is to prepare an overview of the trip and highlight some of the expected activities (Stellin 2006). This is mainly important due to the fact that it helps in reaching the desired destination. This overview and description requires that some research is undertaken by the organizer of the trip prior to making travel arrangements. In case the party is undecided on a destination it is necessary to consider the goals of the trip and visit websites which can be very h elpful in identifying a suitable destination (Stellin 2006). Important aspects to consider include weather patterns and peak seasons. This will play a major role in deciding on methods of travel and weighing potential losses or gains from alternatives (Stellin 2006). Other necessary considerations include holidays and significant events within the locality. In addition to that high and low seasons are often accompanied with changes in prices and will have an influence on the budget and as such must be researched and mentioned in an overview. In addition to the above points it has been mentioned that a glimpse at government sites may be helpful to see the authority’s position in regard to your proposed destination (Stellin 2006). Information that may be gleaned from government include terror alerts, penalties for drug possession, medical requirements, traffic and road conditions, aviation standards and potentially useful information on banking and scams, etc. It is also crucia l to provide information on age demographics in relation to the trip to ensure appropriate participants are sought.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership Before embarking on any outdoor activity it is essential to identify a leader for the proposed excursion. The main reason for this is due to the fact that should an emergency arise taking apposition of responsibility is potentially frightening. To avert such a situation it is best to select an effective, capable and trained individual to take on such a role beforehand (Barton 2007). The leader will take charge during an emergency where a democratic approach to solving the problem may lead to catastrophe. For this reason it is clear that the leader must possess some qualifications suitable for the role. The main role of the leader is to handle an emergency situation with as much concentration and focus as po ssible and avoid the distraction caused by panic (Barton 2007). It is suggested that though hands on involvement is useful, whenever possible a leader should delegate duties and create a sense of involvement. This allows the leader to focus on their key responsibility which is making good decisions and avoiding bad choices. It has been mentioned that the quality and experience of the leader can have major role to play in the safety and success of outdoor activity. The staff where available and leaders of outdoor activity are undoubtedly the most major influence on safety in any outdoor activity (Barton 2007). For this reason it is recommended that the leader is selected keeping these key traits in mind as opposed to the group disposition. Trip Itineraries In an outdoor activity the itinerary is the overall plan of how the activity will be carried out. It includes time for each activity, expected routes and a variety of information on the activity. The importance of the itinerary thu s grows based on the duration for the proposed trip or activity (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). A short trip such as a day hike on a well marked trail may not require much work as everyone knows where they are going. However, for a longer excursion a detailed itinerary detailing the specifics such as the size of the party, departure time and return time is crucial to manage safety for larger parties on longer excursions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan: Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an itinerary should include the number of people in the party, their expected time of departure and return. In addition to that the equipment taken for the activity and the persons in charge of this equipment may need to be logged as well (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). On completion of the trip any changes in the itinerary can be used to form queries that may be the solution to an emergency that had tak en place earlier in the day. Maps and information about the region can be very useful and increase interest in the trip when included in the itinerary (See Appendix A B). It is advised to leave the itinerary with a responsible individual who can contact emergency services should there be a need for that (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). For example if on an outdoor hiking trip the itinerary could be handed to the ranger in charge of the park or attendant in charge (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). This document is also useful in estimating aspects such as walking pace to maintain during the excursion. In addition to that it is useful in planning various sections of the trip such as rest stops where the group can catch their breath while the leader checks whether the party navigation is on track (See Appendix C). Equipment During the management of outdoor activities equipment is crucial to the success and even the completion of various activities. For this reason in planning an outdoor ac tivity it is necessary to carry out a needs assessment to evaluate whet the program requires (Walker Seidler, 1993). This needs assessment involves an overview of the situation and makes considerations such as whether the program is new or existing. It is also crucial to consider if the activity is intended to be done for recreation or competitively (Walker Seidler, 1993). This is evident due to the fact that the needs for an elementary school will vary greatly when compared with those of a college. In making consideration on equipment to be used for the proposed activity it becomes important to consider the space available for this activity. This is because most equipment comes with directions on the space requirements for optimal operation. Lack of adherence to the considerations therefore renders the installation of such facilities unsafe (Walker Seidler, 1993).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the above considerations it is clear that the desired activity will influence the selection and purchase of equipment. Alongside this comes the health and safety of participants involved. It goes without saying that the equipment chosen must first and foremost promote the safety of the participants for it to be considered suitable (Walker Seidler, 1993). Water Sources and Treatment It has been reported that the presence of large volumes of water is often regarded a fundamental requirement for outdoor recreation (Jenkins Pigram, 2003). This occurs for two reasons namely, the water acts as a medium for recreation or to enhance the appeal of the recreational setting. This position in relation to water lets us know that adequate consideration should be given to the water used in these settings. The activities undertaken in water include diving, snorkeling and other deep sea activities as well as rafting, canoeing and fishing which are more common in river waters (Jenkin s Pigram, 2003). Due to the widespread appeal of water for recreation there has been a surge in usage that has led to situation where water quality is lowered and thus unsuitable for outdoor activity. This is especially due to the fact that for activities such as fishing the quality and quantity of water play a major role in popularity (Jenkins Pigram, 2003). In addition to the above considerations it has been mentioned that in outdoor activities it is crucial to treat any water taken from unprotected sources (Muller, 2003). This arises due to the fact that such water which is available in these circumstances can cause illness and as such remedial action is necessary. In addition to that it is advisable to practice proper hygiene in outdoor activities (Muller, 2003). Untreated water comes with potentially harmful micro organisms such as Giardia which if ingested can cause serious medical problems to an individual (Muller, 2003). Such organisms are introduced to the water due to an imal activity or sewerage that seeps into the water from nearby settlements. For this reason it is advisable to purchase pills used for water purification prior to visiting these areas. Weather Related Information It is important that during any outdoor activity the collection of information is carried out as an ongoing process (Dickson Gray, 2012). Information such as predictions on weather patterns can be a major factor in relation to safety of outdoor activities. For this reason it is essential to update the party in relation to most current weather prior to embarking on an excursion while taking time to consult on any expected changes in weather (Dickson Gray, 2012). In this regard it has been observed that the internet and mobile technology has played a significant role in averting potential crisis (Dickson Gray, 2012). Due to this technology it is now possible to view live radar images and examine river height gauges within minutes as opposed to hours in the past. Some info rmation that may be relevant includes the expected temperatures, water levels in rivers and wind related information (See Appendix D). However, despite the advances in technology it has been observed that communicating weather information may at times be difficult due to remoteness. In such instances it has been suggested that good knowledge of the locale may prove useful in the outdoor activity (Dickson Gray, 2012). Transportation This aspect forms a significant part of the budget allocated for any outdoor activity (Harrison, 2012). For this reason a properly planned outdoor activity will require the analysis of various options for transportation. In this regard some considerations to make will include the type of vehicles, whether to lease or outsource transport another company, among other considerations. The age demographics of the group also play a role in selection of appropriate mode of transport for the activity. It is important to keep in mind that there are significant ri sks and legal implications to be considered in relation to transportation. The individual in charge must confirm efficiency and safety standards offered by any proposed contractor (Fulbrook, 2005). The distribution of routes and scheduling of transport must also be carefully coordinated and any changes quickly communicated to other members of the transportation unit. This is believed to be a sure way to minimize disorder and lack of satisfaction during the activity. Rules and Regulations In many outdoor activities there is a significant degree of risk involved which with the guidance of an experienced guide can be overcome. However, in certain instances there may arise occasions when due to unforeseeable circumstances an injury or accident occurs. It is reported that many times this occur due to lack of adherence to the laid down rules and regulations (Harrison, 2012). In order to avoid any subsequent legal actions that could come about it is considered wise to provide a document co ntaining the rules and regulations that will govern the trip and potential risks involved. In instances where such a document is produced and signed by participants, the organizer or individual in charge can be considered legally protected from legal action. This however does not imply that negligence is tolerated but acts as a barrier to protect the organizer from unfair legal actions (Harrison, 2012). Risk Assessment and Management In operating a successful outdoor program one of the major tasks is the evaluation and management of risks. The identification of risks involved can be achieved by using four specific categories namely field, operational, financial and strategic risks (Harrison, 2012). Field risks include environmental hazards such as flash floods. Operational risks include poorly managed equipment and inappropriately trained staff. Financial risks include unexpected financial losses due to increased expenditure during seasonal changes. Strategic risks include issues th at may arise due to lack of vision and foresight (Harrison, 2012). Once all the potential risks have been identified it is important to categorize them based on their likelihood to provide a clear picture of issues that need to be tackled (See Appendix E). Based on the picture presented it becomes easier to identify strategies to counter these potentially risky situations (Harrison, 2012). This process and the strategies identified form the organization’s risk management program and should be embraced within the organization as part of organizational culture (Harrison, 2012). Among the important aspects that may be included in such a program include possible additional training that should be given to staff. In addition to that it is crucial to identify and prepare material that needs to be shared with participants prior to the activity. Emergency Action Plan It should be noted that an emergency action plan (EAP) is a very essential component of any outdoor activity. There is no standard EAP for all outdoor activities based on the fact that facilities, communities, resources and communication facilities available vary a great deal (Moffitt, 2011). In addition to that the plan should be distributed t relevant personnel and participants as an invisible EAP is worthless. The EAP should include guidelines to be followed in various scenarios such as fires and other emergency situations. It must include guidelines on the evacuation routes and procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency (Moffitt, 2011). Such a plan should also include telephone numbers of hospitals and medical facilities close by to assist with casualties and other medical related issues (See Appendix F). As is seen in the appendix the document is a detailed writing that categorizes risks and clearly defines response to the risks within the organization. It also provides information on the staff in charge in case of an emergency and the training received for the situation (CDC, 2004 ). Contingencies Just as with any activity there is a need for some preparatory actions made to handle unexpected situations in business. For example, a camping site may be prepared to accommodate twenty tents but due to circumstances be forced to deal with twenty five tents suggesting an unexpected increase in the size of the party. These situations call for an alternative plan in place to handle such scenarios (Martin, 2006). In addition to such circumstances contingency planning should cater for activities that can be undertaken when weather interrupts or causes postponement of one activity in the itinerary. Such planning ensures participants are kept engaged and receive and experience worth their while. Miscellaneous In addition to all the above mentioned plans and guidelines there is still need to cater for additional requirements that may arise in the course of outdoor excursions. An example of this occurs where a member of the visiting party is accompanied by an aged person o r a young infant. In such cases the organization will need to have prepared or arranged to acquire some equipment such as safety seats for babies or wheel chairs to cater for senior citizens. To provide a memorable and efficient outdoor trip there is no limitation to the extent of preparation necessary. It is not uncommon to find that the more prepared organization attracts more clientele simply as a result of this. References Barton, B. (2007). Safety, risk and adventure in outdoor activities. London: Paul Chapman Publishing. Breckenridge. Sample Itineraries (n.d.). Retrieved from boec.org/programs/professional-team-building-retreats/sample-itineraries/ CDC. Emergency Action Plan. (2004). Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:lPZpfBXizoEJ:www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-101/emrgact/emrgact.doc+emergency+action+plan+samplehl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESimoLwdaHAJZ5Drvtz7uVHmkBjZ5VaPbtqYwV9KHzpak1KRiZW7ZJ3VnUNeC_ZsuK9XznQ9ZKEG8D7Se47MrjYTstaa5n2S6ZYV_CL2m71aLxRRmXWmTQMc6q gwTvC2P9g3svFdsig=AHIEtbRx0MVkSuDJkVcNVX0Wn3NXCc-a7w Cyborlink. China Business Etiquette, Culture, Manners. (2012). Retrieved from cyborlink.com/besite/china.htm Dickson, T., Gray, T. (2012). Risk Management in the Outdoors: A Whole-of-Organization Approach. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Fulbrook, J. (2005). Outdoor activities, negligence and the law. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Company. Harrison, G. (2012). Outdoor Program Administration: Principles and Practices. Printed in the USA: Sheridan Books. Jenkins, J., Pigram, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation. London: Routledge. Martin, B. (2006). Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. Printed in the USA: Human Kinetics. Moffitt, J. (2011). Day Camp Programming and Administration: Core Skills and Practices. Muller, J. (2003). The Colorado Year round Outdoor Guide. Golden, CO: The Colorado mountain Club Press. Redmond, K., Foran, A., Dwyer, S. (2010). Quality Lesson Plans for Outdoor Education . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Stellin, S. (2006). How to travel practically anywhere. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Walker, M., Seidler, T. (19993). Sports Equipment Management. London: Jones Bartlett Publishers International. Yellowstonepark. Interactive map. (2011). Retrieved from yellowstonepark.com/maps-itineraries/interactive-map/ Appendix Appendix A: Sample Map of Yellow Stone Park (Yellowstonepark, 2011). Appendix B: Research and Supplemental Information on China (cyborlink, 2012). Appendix C: Sample itinerary (Breckenridge n.d.) Appendix D: Sample Weather Information (Dickson Gray, 2012). Appendix E: Sample Financial Risk evaluation (Harrison, 2012). Appendix F: Sample Emergency Action Plan

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

History of the Caste System in India

History of the Caste System in India The origins of the caste system in India and Nepal are not fully known, but castes seems to have originated more than two thousand years ago. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations. Although originally caste depended upon a persons work, it soon became hereditary. Each person was born into an unalterable social status. The four primary castes are Brahmin, the priests; Kshatriya, warriors and nobility; Vaisya, farmers, traders and artisans; and Shudra, tenant farmers, and servants. Some people were born outside of (and below) the caste system. They were called untouchables or Dalits- the crushed ones. Theology Behind the Castes Reincarnation is the process by which a soul is reborn into a new material form after each life; it is one of the central features of the Hindu cosmology. Souls can move not only among different levels of human society, but also into other animals. This belief is thought to be one of the primary reasons for the vegetarianism of many Hindus. Within a single lifetime, people in India historically had little social mobility. They had to strive for virtue during their present lives in order to attain a higher station their next time around. In this system, a particular souls new form depends upon the virtuousness of its previous behavior. Thus, a truly virtuous person from the Shudra caste could be rewarded with rebirth as a Brahmin in his or her next life. Daily Significance of Caste Practices associated with caste varied through time and across India, but all shared some common features. The three key areas of life historically dominated by caste were marriage, meals, and religious worship. Marriage across caste lines was strictly forbidden. Most people even married within their own sub-caste or jati. At mealtimes, anyone could accept food from the hands of a Brahmin, but a Brahmin would be polluted if he or she took certain types of food from a lower caste person. At the other extreme, if an untouchable dared to draw water from a public well, he or she polluted the water, and nobody else could use it. In religious worship, Brahmins, as the priestly class, presided over rituals and services including preparation for festivals and holidays, as well as marriages and funerals. The Kshatrya and Vaisya castes had full rights to worship, but in some places, Shudras (the servant caste) were not allowed to offer sacrifices to the gods. Untouchables were barred entirely from temples, and sometimes they were not even allowed to set foot on temple grounds. If the shadow of an untouchable touched a Brahmin, the Brahmin would be polluted, so untouchables had to lay face-down at a distance when a Brahmin passed. Thousands of Castes Although the early Vedic sources name four primary castes, in fact, there were thousands of castes, sub-castes, and communities within Indian society. These jati were the basis of both social status and occupation. Castes or sub-castes besides the four mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita include such groups as the Bhumihar or landowners, Kayastha or scribes, and the Rajput, a northern sector of the Kshatriya, or warrior, caste. Some castes arose from very specific occupations, such as the Garudi- snake charmers- or the Sonjhari, who collected gold from river beds. The Untouchables People who violated social norms could be punished by being made untouchables. This was not the lowest caste. The person deemed untouchable- and their descendants- were condemned and completely outside of the caste system. Untouchables were considered so impure that any contact with them by a caste member would contaminate the member. The polluted person would have to bathe and wash his or her clothing immediately.  The untouchables historically did work that no one else would do, like scavenging animal carcasses, leather-work, or killing rats and other pests.  Untouchables could not eat in the same room as caste members and could not be cremated when they died. Caste among Non-Hindus Curiously, non-Hindu populations in India sometimes organized themselves into castes as well. After the introduction of Islam on the subcontinent, for example, Muslims were divided into classes such as the Sayed, Sheikh, Mughal, Pathan, and Qureshi. These castes are drawn from several sources: The Mughal and Pathan are ethnic groups, roughly speaking, while the Qureshi name comes from the Prophet Muhammads clan in Mecca. Small numbers of Indians were Christian from around 50 CE onward. Christianity expanded in India after the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. Many Christian Indians continued to observe caste distinctions, however. Origins of the Caste System Early written evidence about the caste system appears in the Vedas, Sanskrit-language texts that date from as early as 1500 BCE. The Vedas form the basis of Hindu scripture. The Rigveda, however, which dates from around 1700–1100 BCE, rarely mentions caste distinctions and is taken as evidence that social mobility was common in its time. The Bhagavad Gita, which dates from around 200 BCE–200 CE, emphasizes the importance of caste. In addition, the Laws of Manu or Manusmriti, from the same era, defines the rights and duties of the four different castes or varnas. Thus, it seems that the Hindu caste system began to solidify sometime between 1000 and 200 BCE. The Caste System During Classical Indian History The caste system was not absolute during much of Indian history. For example, the renowned Gupta Dynasty, which ruled from 320 to 550 CE, was from the Vaishya caste rather than the Kshatriya. Many later rulers also were from different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks (who ruled from 1559 to 1739 CE) who were Balijas (traders). From the 12th century to the 18th century CE, much of India was ruled by Muslims. These rulers reduced the power of the Hindu priestly caste, the Brahmins. The traditional Hindu rulers and warriors, or Kshatriyas, nearly ceased to exist in north and central India. The Vaishya and Shudra castes also virtually melded together. Although the Muslim rulers faith had a strong impact on the Hindu upper castes in the centers of power, anti-Muslim feeling in rural areas actually strengthened the caste system. Hindu villagers reconfirmed their identity through caste affiliation. Nonetheless, during the six centuries of Islamic domination (roughly 1150–1750 CE), the caste system evolved considerably. For example, Brahmins began to rely on farming for their income, since the Muslim kings did not give rich gifts to Hindu temples. This farming practice was considered justified so long as Shudras did the actual physical labor. The British Raj and Caste When the British Raj began to take power in India in 1757, they exploited the caste system as a means of social control. The British allied themselves with the Brahmin caste, restoring some of its privileges, which had been repealed by the Muslim rulers. However, many Indian customs concerning the lower castes seemed discriminatory to the British, so these were outlawed. During the 1930s and 1940s, the British government made laws to protect the Scheduled castes, untouchables and low-caste people. A movement toward the abolition of untouchability took place within Indian society in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well. In 1928, the first temple welcomed untouchables (Dalits) to worship with its upper-caste members. Mohandas Gandhi advocated emancipation for the Dalits, too, coining the term harijan or Children of God to describe them. Caste Relations in Independent India The Republic of India became independent on August 15, 1947. Indias new government instituted laws to protect the Scheduled castes and tribes which included both the untouchables and groups living traditional lifestyles. These laws include quota systems that help to ensure access to education and to government posts. Because of these shifts, a persons caste has become somewhat more of a political category than a social or religious one in modern India. Sources: Ali, Syed. Collective and Elective Ethnicity: Caste among Urban Muslims in India, Sociological Forum, vol. 17, no. 4, December 2002, pp. 593-620.Chandra, Ramesh. Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India. Gyan Books, 2005.Ghurye, G.S. Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan, 1996.Perez, Rosa Maria. Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India. Orient Blackswan, 2004.Reddy, Deepa S. The Ethnicity of Caste, Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, Summer 2005, pp. 543-584.

Saturday, February 15, 2020

Dress Code in High Schools in United State Are you with or against Essay

Dress Code in High Schools in United State Are you with or against - Essay Example Administrations of high schools hold the responsibility of ensuring that their schools remain safe and orderly. With the Education Commission of States, ECS (2014) citing statistics from the National School Board Association estimating the number of guns snaked into American public schools at 135,000, the implementation of dress codes would play a critical role in identifying such persons and thus promote a safe school environment. Raby (2012) documents dress codes that require students to expose their belt lines as significant in deterring the concealing of guns under clothing. Furthermore, it is easier for intruders to be identified in a school that has a dress code (Wilder & Key, 2007). This plays a critical role in identifying any persons who come to school with ill intent. Schools that have implemented dress codes have recorded a decrease in fights and violence. Dress codes improve students’ academic performance. This is because, as documented by Gentile and Imberman (2010), having a standard way of dressing helps students concentrate on their academics. It saves a lot of time spent dressing, especially for adolescent students, thus saving time for studies and sleep, both of which promote academic achievement. Thus, dress codes help schools achieve their academic objectives. Thirdly, schools with dress codes have been noted to promote positive educational environments. Such positive educational environments have been promoted by requiring students to wear uniforms. Wilder and Key (2007) support this argument by giving an account of President Clinton’s 1996 State of the Union address which endorsed the idea of uniforms in schools following findings that school uniforms instilled student discipline, decreased theft and increased resistance to peer pressure. Sharing in the same sentiments, Raby (2012) observes that dress codes in schools reduce teasing among students. This promotes harmony in the school, fostering an appropriate environment

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Facial Expression Categorization by Chimpanzees Using Standardized Essay

Facial Expression Categorization by Chimpanzees Using Standardized Stimuli - Essay Example Four experiments were conducted onchimpanzees using a set of standardized, prototypical stimuli created using the newChimpFACS coding system. 1) The first experiment was to determine whether chimpanzees could discriminate the3D facial expression figures in a MOT (matching-to-sample). It was a reproduction ofthe study by study by Parr, Hopkins, et al. (1998) Procedure: Data were collected on experimenting 6 male and female chimpanzees aged11 years and above. They were tested in their home cage. The computer placed in anaudio visual cart was positioned about 30 cms from the cage and the eye of each animalwas about 40 cms from the computer. A joystick was attached protruding 4 cms into themesh. The experiments conducted were: 1) Initial Discrimination of Poser Stimuli 2)Inversion Effect for Facial expression 3) Examining Perceived Dissimilarity usingMultidimensional Scaling 4) Discriminating Facial Expressions using ComponentMovement. Experiment 1:The aim of this initial experiment was to verify whetherthe Poser facial expression stimuli were prominent for the subjects, and whether it couldbe discriminated at high levels of skill and that expressions were dealt with no evidentparent stimulus biases. The analysis showed that 'scream' was the most salientexpression to single out. In fact the subjects reached the final testing criteria for screamsin minimum time. Experiment 2:Experiment 2 revealed a significant inversion effect suggesting a generalconfigural processing strategy for all expressions. Experiment 3:Subjects' pattern of error when differentiating all expressions. Apart from screams and pant-hoots showed much difference based on the identity of thefoil expression. They share the majority of their individual component movements, suchas the bared-teeth display, the presence of these similarities did little to confuseperformance. The MDS analysis provides a statistical interpretation of howexpressions were categorized based on their perceived dissimilarity. Experiment 4:The results showed that for each facial expression, at least one component movement wasseen to

Saturday, January 25, 2020

The Confederate Flag Essay -- Flag Argumentative Persuasive Paperes

The Confederate Flag On January 1992 the NAACP put in affect a boycott on South Carolina to pressure the state to remove the Confederate flag off of its Statehouse in Columbia. The boycott is what initially brought life to this issue. The NAACP’s removal request is based on the fact that they, the anti-flag groups, claim that the meaning of the Confederate flag is one of hate and discrimination. On the other hand, there are other groups that believe differently whom are called the pro-flag groups. They claim that the Confederate flag is a sign of heritage and should stay on South Carolina’s Statehouse. Anti-flag articles are more likely to be found published in well-known Liberal magazines, when credible pro-flag articles were hard to find. The main issue of the debate, which is a definition argument, includes one that argues the meaning of the Confederate flag and what it stands for, and from it many arguments stem that make up the intense debate about the Confederate flag. The Civil War being about slavery is one of the first things addressed in both types of articles. Within this argument, the pro-flag groups claim that many blacks fought for the Confederacy. Then the Confederate flag’s connection with racism is then argued. An anti-flag argument to prove that the Confederate flag is connected to slavery is that it was raised in response to the civil rights movement that was going on in 1961. Another anti-flag argument is that the Confederate flag does not represent the State as a whole and for that reason should not be flown on South Carolina’s Statehouse. An even amount of pathos and logos is used among the opposing groups, but the anti-flag articles tend to have more ethical appeal and fewer flaws in their a... ...ision by figuring out which side has the strongest one and therefore the more justified cause. Work Cited Eric Foner. â€Å"Rebel Yell.† The Nation. 270.6 (February 14, 2000): 4. James F. Barker. â€Å"Clemson History Offers Perspective for Flag Debate.† The State. December 3, 2000. Stuart Taylor Jr. â€Å"The Confederate Flag and the Cost of Pandering.† National Journal. 32.4 (January 22, 2000): 215. Walter E. Williams. No: â€Å"Critics of the flag are Counting on a General Ignorance of History to Make Their Case.† Symposium. March 14, 2001. http://www.insightmag.com/archive/200002064.shtml Quick, Steven. â€Å"Lynching Lee† The Opinions. 2/27/2001 Http://www.palmetto.org/noprint.htm Amy. â€Å"Even more on the confederate Flag vs. the â€Å"Xian† usage debates.† Parentsplace.com. February 02,2000 wysiwyg://4http://boards2.parentsplace.com/messages/get/ppcurrentdebates63/26.html

Friday, January 17, 2020

Judaism, Christianity, and Indigenous Religion

Vanessa Loaiza Dr. Religion 31 September 2010 Time Concepts on the Judaism, Christianity, and Indigenous religion The concept of time is full of mystery, by instinct we feel that time cannot be stopped. We all exist in time, and everything is subject to time. It seems obvious that because we live in time, it is the prime measure of existence. As assumed by many philosophical and religious schools, no beginning or end can be attributed to time.To the different concepts of time we have sacred time and religious time. They come closest to what may be called cosmic time: the big time of the complete whole of the cosmic reality. Sacred time is the past, present and future collapsed in one eternal now making for our connectedness. Religious time is the time that is respected on religious grounds. It is usually bound to natural order by means of calendars, sundials and/or clock (-schedules).In the Jewish religion, Judaism, Jews have never perceived time as progressive, but rather as a fragm ented line. Its parts-past, present, and future-were not perceived as a continuous process in which one stage is a sequel to its antecedents. The Past was the era of glory, philosophically-inclined Jews in the Middle Ages perceived themselves as inferior in virtue to preceding generations.This inferiority complex was not simply a reflection of the general medieval view of history as an ongoing process, but rather a specific Jewish belief that the ancient Hebrews had the advantage of political independence in their own land, while the spiritual resources of â€Å"modern† Jews were depleted in exile and dispersion. The Present was the long era of Exile, Its beginning was a well-defined point in time; the destruction of the Second Temple, â€Å"but its end was shrouded in mist† (Lyman 15), as rabbinical Judaism rejected all eschatological calculations or detailed descriptions of the End of Days.Whether the trials and tribulations of exile were represented as part of the d ivine plan, or, on the contrary, as evidence of God’s abdication, the â€Å"present† was in any event just an insignificant interlude. The Jewish perception of the Future was most revealing of all; an impatient expectation for imminent cosmic upheaval which would transform the nature of Jewish existence was combined with resignation-acceptance that these events might e postponed until the end of time. It is irrelevant whether this near-distant future was perceived as a return to the past or as an era which would transcend all that has ever been; whether it would be attained by an apocalyptic lead to a historical time through divine intervention, or rather as stipulated by â€Å"realistic† messianism, accomplished by human efforts alone and not very different from present reality.The thrust of the matter is that Judaism adopted a view of the future which was a compromise between two seemingly incompatible attitudes: on the one hand: an eschatology which promised deliverance in the foreseeable future, and a strategy designed to ensure the evasion of a history of suffering by posing the question of â€Å"how† rather than â€Å"when,† on the other. This compromise formula appears to be powerful enough to become a fixed element in Jewish culture: a frantic search for signs of imminent redemption combined with caution and suspicion which prevented bitter disillusionment in the face of delay.In Judaism, no one has to argue in favor of survival; there is nothing else if one does not survive. In contrast to the ancient Greek, who â€Å"thought that the universe includes the even stronger idea of cycle time according to which not only the cosmological processes but all individual destinies are repeated in every detail in time† (OHRSTROM 896). As for Jewish and Christian philosophers, the idea of cyclic time leaves no room for genuine progress and final salvation.